Tetanus (Latin: tetanus) is an acute infectious disease characterized by damage to the nervous system, tonic contractions of skeletal muscles, and generalized seizures. This article provides information about the transmission routes of the disease, its causative agent, clinical signs of tetanus, and emergency preventive measures carried out in urgent situations.

Currently, the achievements of modern orthopedic dentistry show that the practice of aesthetic prosthetics requires the selection of the color of artificial teeth based on the most naturalness and accuracy. There are several types of artificial tooth color determination, such as traditional, digital, scanning. To date, the comparative effectiveness of these various methods has not been sufficiently analyzed. No matter how much technology and techniques develop, the methods of determining the color of artificial teeth are becoming a controversial issue. Because recently, many methods have been invented, but their application in real practice is limited for various reasons. This article briefly discusses the advantages, disadvantages and clinical application of some methods, as well as factors affecting color accuracy.

It is known that successful preparation of future medical specialists for professional activity places increased demands on their psychophysiological capabilities, personal qualities. And these loads do not always correspond to the level of students' psychoemotional readiness, take into account their level of health and functional reserves. After all, students are a special social group, most susceptible to the impact of such factors as nervous and emotional stress and social insecurity. The stress of final exams for high school, entrance exams to a university, and a change in their usual way of life have a negative impact on their health and quality of life. In recent times, there has been a steady deterioration in the health of student youth [1,2].

Maternal diabetes mellitus has a significant impact on the morphological state of the vascular and tissue structures of the offspring’s duodenum. The study revealed that rats born to mothers with induced diabetes exhibited a reduction in intestinal wall thickness, decreased capillary density, thickening of the vascular basement membrane, and reduced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These changes indicate impaired microcirculation and the development of diabetic angiopathy, which may negatively affect intestinal functional activity. The findings emphasize the need for further research aimed at understanding the compensatory mechanisms of these changes and possible correction methods.

The antioxidant activity of the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of hepatocytes was studied in the dynamics of experimental stroke. In the microsomal fraction of the liver after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, an increase in antiperoxide activity and a decrease in superoxidedesmutase activity were observed against the background of an increase in the content of malondialdehyde and medium molecular peptides. In the mitochondrial fraction of the liver, the activity of enzymes of the antiperoxide system increased and a decrease in the enzyme of antiradical protection was noted with a slight deviation up to 6 hours after reperfusion.

According to various scientific studies and studies, it has been established that tension headaches occur in 30% to 70% of the general population, i.e., in one in every 3 inhabitants.Headaches occur in 52.8% of Brazil's population.Among Arab countries, this figure is 72.5% in Qatar and 83.6% in Oman. In Zambia, it is 61.6%, and in Thailand - 54.%.          

This study analyzes the composition of oral fluid in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) depending on glycemic levels. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8) and decreased levels of anti-inflammatory and angiogenic markers (IL-10, VEGF-A) were observed in patients with poor glycemic control, indicating inflammatory-destructive processes in parodontal tissues. The findings highlight the potential of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for early detection of parodontal complications in adolescents with T1DM.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a systemic impact on the body, including the oral cavity tissues. The aim of this review article is to analyze the prevalence, clinical course, and pathogenic mechanisms of periodontal and oral mucosal lesions in patients with CKD. The literature data are summarized, key clinical manifestations are discussed, as well as strategies for the prevention and treatment of dental complications in this patient group.

Recently, the methods of dental rehabilitation of adults suffering from various diseases of the organs and tissues of the oral cavity have improved significantly, due to the introduction of new technologies, equipment, tools and materials into practical dentistry. At the same time, unavoidable difficulties arise in the treatment of dental, periodontal, and oral mucosa diseases in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and rhinosinusitis in children are usually associated with inflammatory processes in the nasal passages, leading to varying degrees of respiratory dysfunction. This study aimed to compare traditional and comprehensive methods of treating allergic rhinitis in children with sinusitis. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups for comparative analysis. Group 1 (n=20) received conventional conservative therapy, and Group 2 (n=20) received additional inhalation therapy using the PARI-SINUS inhaler. Results: Group 2, which received conventional conservative therapy and inhalation therapy using the PARI-SINUS inhaler with the corticosteroid budesonide delivered via a pulsatile aerosol, clearly demonstrated high dynamics in the parameters. This emphasizes the favorable results of the treatment and demonstrates the effectiveness of the complex treatment. Conclusion: We conclude that it is reasonable and effective to introduce the PARI-SINUS method into conventional therapy for the comprehensive examination and treatment of children with rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis.

Furosemide is a powerful diuretic drug that is widely used to treat various diseases, including patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). In some cases, furosemide causes side effects such as hypokalemia and heart rhythm disturbances. A method has been developed to determine the concentration of the drug in the blood to prevent furosemide poisoning and assess its therapeutic effect. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used. Furosemide was extracted from blood serum with ethyl acetate to isolate it. The resulting extracts were dissolved in a mobile phase, a mixture of acetonitrile and 1% acetic acid (30:70), and chromatographed. Furosemide retention time on the chromatogram was 4.3 minutes. Blood samples from patients with chronic heart failure were collected at intervals of 2, 4, and 6 hours. The results showed that the developed method is suitable for therapeutic monitoring of furosemide during treatment of patients with CHF.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of interconnected metabolic disorders, including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. These conditions significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), particularly in men. This review highlights current understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular disorders in men with MS, focusing on insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, hormonal background, and gender-specific differences. Clinical and prognostic aspects are also discussed.

Community-acquired pneumonia in the younger age group i.e. at the age of 6 months, in almost 100% of cases, a focal form of pneumonia was diagnosed. With the increase in the age of children, the number of segmental and polysegmental forms increased. The course of community-acquired pneumonia depends on the state of the vegetative status, accompanied by changes in the activity of metabolic enzymes.

Obesity is one of the most pressing issues in modern healthcare, associated with the development of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular complications. Due to the limited effectiveness of conservative approaches (diet, physical activity, pharmacotherapy), increasing attention is being given to endoscopic interventions, particularly the placement of an intragastric balloon. An additional factor influencing the effectiveness of therapy is the functional state of the gastric pylorus.

The age composition of mothers ranged from 16 to 43 years. 38 babies were born from a second or more pregnancy (63.3%). An aggravated obstetric history was noted in 25 (41.6%) women. As a result of the analysis of the results obtained, it was found that 28 (46.69%) mothers examined by us premature newborns suffered infectious diseases in the period of this pregnancy. Also, the results obtained showed that 11.5% of mothers were diagnosed with herpes virus during pregnancy, in 7% -cytomegalovirus; rubella virus occurred in 7.7% of cases. During the study, attention was paid to the somatic state of the mother: infection, in particular, of the urinary tract in mothers, was noted by us in 2 (3.3%) cases, chronic arterial hypertension - in 1 (1.6%) women. Chronic gynecological diseases such as chronic adnexitis, salpingoophoritis, cervical erosion accounted for 10 (16.6%) cases.

Vascular anomalies are among the complex pathologies encountered in pediatric practice. Classical treatment methods — sclerotherapy, surgical resection, propranolol, and steroids — often fail to achieve complete results and significantly reduce patients' quality of life. In recent years, sirolimus, an mTOR pathway inhibitor, has been investigated as a promising drug for the treatment of complex and treatment-resistant vascular anomalies.

This article is dedicated to modern approaches for detecting glial tumors, particularly astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, and glioblastoma, using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). MRI is one of the most essential tools in medical diagnostics, providing high-resolution visualization of tissue structures. Due to the unclear and infiltrative nature of glial tumors, fully detecting them remains a complex task. The paper analyzes MRI modalities such as T1, T2, FLAIR, and DWI, as well as AI-based automated detection models (CNN, U-Net), 3D spline interpolation, and radiomics technologies. Challenges such as difficulty in detecting low-grade gliomas, MRI contrast limitations, and segmentation errors are discussed. At the end of the article, modern technological suggestions are presented to address these challenges. The study aims to automate MRI-based diagnostics and improve accuracy, contributing significantly to clinical medicine.

The article also explores approaches for automatically identifying the location and grade of tumors using deeply studied machine learning models. In particular, it highlights methods for determining the structure and volume of gliomas from MRI images using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and the U-Net segmentation architecture. Through radiomics, it becomes possible to evaluate the malignancy level of tumors based on hundreds of statistical and texture features extracted from MRI images. Furthermore, the advantages of using models based on 3D spline interpolation to improve segmentation accuracy and reduce edge detection errors are discussed. This article provides both theoretical and practical foundations for automating diagnostic processes and developing clinical decision support systems.

In the postsplenectomy period, a compensatory enlargement of the lymph nodes of the mesentery of the small intestine was observed, mainly in the cortex. After organ-preserving and organ-substituting surgeries, it was established that the lymphoid apparatus of the mesentery of the small intestine participates in the compensatory process. The lymph nodes of the mesentery of the small intestine not only retain functional activity, but also increase the proliferation of lymphoid tissue in them.

The purpose of study was to determine the morphological changes in lymph nodes and thymus in 60 female and male adult white rats on first, third, sixth months after the operation. The condition of lymph nodes and thymus was analyzed using light microscopy, histological methods, morphometry and statistics. The splenectomy influenced on the structure and functional indicators of lymph nodes and thymus, the interrelation of structural transformation and their function after the loss of spleen has been shown.